Histological Transformation

Phenotypic Transformation

4.3 Other Mechanisms

5 Overcoming Osimertinib Resistance

5.1 Fourth-Generation EGFR-TKIs

5.2 Immunotherapy

5.3 Combination Therapies

6 Conclusions

References

Lung Immunotherapy in the Elderly with NSCLC - the Who, the What, and the When

1 Introduction

2 The WHO of ICI Therapy in Elderly Patients with NSCLC

3 The WHAT of ICI Therapy in Elderly Patients with NSCLC

3.1 Single-Drug Immunotherapy Treatment

3.2 Combination Immunotherapy

3.3 Chemo-Immunotherapy

4 The WHEN of ICI Therapy in Elderly Patients with NSCLC

5 Conclusion

References

Summary of Product Characteristics

Drug Resistance in Lung Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Treatment

3 Drug Resistance

4 Resistance to Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer

5 Targeted Therapies and Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Lung Cancer

5.1 EGFR-TKIs

5.2 ALK Inhibitors

5.3 BRAF and MAPK (MEK) Inhibitors

5.4 ROS1 Inhibitors

5.5 RET Inhibitors

5.6 MET Inhibitors

5.7 HER2 Inhibitors

5.8 NTRK Gene Fusion Inhibitors

6 Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer

6.1 Lack of Tumor Neoantigens Presentation

6.2 Defects in Antigen-Presenting Machinery

6.3 Aberrant Oncologic Signaling Pathways

6.4 T-cell Infiltration, Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells in the TME

6.5 Tumor PD-L1 Expression and Alternative Immune Checkpoint Receptor Upregulation

6.6 Immunosuppressive Cells and Molecules in TME

6.7 Other Factors Involved in Immunotherapy Resistance

7 Conclusion

References

Patient-Derived Organoids as a Stem Cell Model to Study Lung Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Cell Populations and Stem Cells of the Respiratory Airway

3 Normal Lung Organoids

4 Lung Cancer Organoids

4.1 Lung Cancer Organoids Share Similarities with Its Primary Tumor of Origin

4.2 Substances Required for Lung Cancer Organoid Culture and Involved Signaling Pathways

5 Workflow for Establishment and Passage of Patient-Derived Lung Cancer Organoid Cultures

5.1 Lung Tumor Tissue Processing and Dissociation into Cell Clusters

5.2 Organoid Culture and Maintenance

6 Applications of Lung Cancer Organoids

6.1 Living Biobanks

6.2 Drug Screening and Personalized Cancer Treatment

6.3 Co-Culture of LCOs with Immune Cells

7 Conclusion

References

The Multidisciplinary Management of Lung Cancer in the European Community

1 Introduction

2 Diagnosis and Staging

3 Specialists ́ Responsibilities and Roles

3.1 Respiratory Physician

3.2 Medical Oncologist

3.3 Radiation Oncologist

3.4 Thoracic Surgeon

3.5 Nuclear Medicine Specialist

3.6 Anesthesiologist

3.7 Pathologist

3.8 Radiologist

3.9 Clinical Nurse

3.10 Psychologist

4 Treatment

4.1 Surgery

4.2 Radiation Therapy

4.3 Systemic Therapy

4.4 Supportive Care

5 Discussion

6 Conclusion