This Special Issue addresses recent advances and applications in the prevention and understanding of musculoskeletal disorders and diseases. This volume includes 10 high-quality studies covering topics such as biomechanical modeling, the study of ergonomic risks and postures, MSD risks in sport, the development of technical or therapeutic solutions to reduce the effects of musculoskeletal injuries, and the consequences of gait asymmetry on the onset of MSDs. By integrating methodologies based on neural networks, a Bayesian approach, the notion of virtual controllers, movement analysis and ergonomic assessments techniques, these studies aim to improve our understanding of MSDs, diagnostic accuracy and personalized treatment planning.