Neurosurgery is seen as 'inaccessible' to those on the outside, even though collaboration with a variety of non-neurosurgeons is essential to advancing the field. Thus, this book answers important questions for those interested in surgery of the brain: What is the current state of affairs? Where is the field going? And, importantly, how can I be involved? A work of far-reaching appeal, this book explores the evolution and future of brain surgery, detailing key technologies that have and will shape the field of neurosurgery. Readers are led on a journey covering over five thousand years of neurosurgical history, from trepanation in Neolithic France to the understanding of neuroanatomy and finally the technological leaps in the 20th and 21st centuries. Advances such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, microscopy, robotics are discussed by the world's leading experts, providing non-neurosurgical readers with a framework for how they can be involved in this thrilling field.